Lecture#4 ka Point#87 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Inheritance means 'warasat' hai. Aesi cheezey jo parent to child(top to bottom) muntakil hoti hain unhey inheritance kehtey hain. Jo child apne parent ki cheezon  ko use kr rha hai woh inheritance kehlati hai.

OOP(Object-oriented programming) ko agar aik word me define krna ho to woh hai reuseability. Reuseability inheritance ki wajah se hi possible hoti hai. Agar inheritance na hoti to child apne parent ki cheezo ko reuse nahi kr sakta. Inheritance me child apni parent ki cheezo ko 'As it is' use kr sakta hai ya modify kr k bhi use kr sakta hai.

Agar mere parent k pass car hai to agar mere parent mujhe allow kre ge to yeh car main bhi use krun ga na k parosiyon ka bacha is car ko use kre ga kyun k mere parent k saath main inherited hn, parosiyon ka bacha nahi.

Inheritance me parent ki common cheezey child use kr sakta hai, jesey aik ghar hai parent k naam pe jis me us k child bhi rehtey hain. Inheritance me common cheezey parent k pass hoti hain jab k uncommon cheezey child k pass hoti hain.

Lecture#4 ka Point#86 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

VB.NET me agar hum return type function ki return statement nahi mention krte ya kuch bhi return nahi krwatey to by-default VB.NET ka compiler aik 'NEW OBJECT' return krwaye ga, is ka matlab yeh hua k memory me aik 'NEW OBJECT' create hoga aur woh return ho jaye ga aur yeh object empty hoga, yeh cheez VB.NET me 'Runtime error' kehlaye gi jab k C# me yeh cheez 'Compile-time error' k tor pe show hogi. Yehi wajah hai k VB.NET 'Loosly coupled language' hai aur C# 'Tightly coupled language' hai.

Example Code of VB.NET (Module1.vb)
1	Module
2	Sub Main()
3	Console.Write(Add(1,1))
4	Console.ReadLine()
5	End Sub
6	Function Add(i AS Integer, j AS Integer) AS Long
7	Return i+j
8	End Function
9	End Module

Lecture#4 ka Point#85 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Compiler hamesha output 'true or false', ya 'sahi ya ghalat', ya '0 or 1' ki form me hi dega. Aesa nahi hoga k compiler humey in dono ki koi dermiyani value output return kre, is ka matlab yeh hua k compiler humey 'absolute value' dega like: '0 or 1', 'true or false' etc.

C# me function aik waqt me hamesha aik hi value return kre ga, aik se zyada value nahi return kre ga. C++ me hum function se aik waqt me aik se zyada values return krwa saktey hain with the help of 'reference call' ya 'pointer'.

.NET framework me 'pointer' ka concept nahi hai. Agar hum VB.NET ya C# me kisi function se aik se zyada values return krwana chatey hain to us k liye humey 'Array' use krna parey ga.

VB.NET is 'highly managed' code, matlab yeh k no pointer, no reference, no forget pointer, no out, no in etc. C# me hum 'managed' aur 'unmanaged' dono type k program likh saktey hain. 'unmanaged' code me hum 'pointer' wagera use kr saktey hain, aur 'unmanaged' code ki zimedari .NET ka CLR ya .NET ka framework nahi leta.

Lecture#4 ka Point#84 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

VB.NET 'loosly coupled language' hai aur C# 'tightly coupled language' hai. C# me no return type function me hum void ka keyword use krte hain jab k VB.NET me no return type function k saath hum sub ka keyword use krte hain. Agar hum C# me function ki return type likhtey hain lakin is function me return ki statement ya return keyword nahi likhtey to code compile nahi hota, is ka matlab yeh hua k jab humney function k saath is ki return type mention krdi to return ki statement ya keyword mendatory ho jaye ga jab k VB.NET me function ki return type mention krte hain lakin is function me return ki statement ya keyword nahi likhtey to code compile ho jaye ga aur is function ka output woh hoga jo is function ki return data type ki default value hogi, is ka matlab yeh hua k VB.NET 'loosly coupled language' hai. VB.NET me return type function k saath hum 'Function' ka keyword use kren ge jab k no return type function k saath hum 'Sub' ka keyword use kren ge, Sub ka matlab sub-routine hai aur sub-routine se muraad aesi functionality jo kuch return na kr rhi ho. Agar hum VB.NET me Function ka keyword use krtey huvey aik function bnatey hain lakin is function ki return data type mention nahi krte aur na hi is function me return ka keyword likhtey hain tab bhi humara code run ho jata hai. Agar hum VB.NET me function ka keyword use krtey huvey function bnatey hain aur return data type mention nahi krte to VB.NET ka compiler is function ko khud se default return data type assign kr de ga jo k 'Object' hogi. VB.NET me 'Object' aik aesi data type hai jo k 'apply for all' hai, aur 'apply for all' ka matlab hai k is me tamam data types mojood hongi jesey k string, long, integer, short, byte etc. VB6 me default return data type 'Variant' hai jo k 'apply for all' hai. C# me margin boht kam hota hai jab k VB.NET me margin boht zyada hota hai, is ka matlab yeh hua k VB.NET me jesey hum return type function me return data type aur return ka keyword mention nahi kr rhey hotey to VB.NET ka compiler us ki jagah function ki by-default data type aur by-default value return krwa rha hota hai, jis ki wajah se VB.NET me humey humara desired output nahi milta.

Lecture#3 ka Point#83 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Jitni bhi primitive data types hain, they are structures. Structures aik aur tarika kaar hai data types ko represent krne ka.

Class aik tarika kaar hai data type bnaney ka. Classes k instances Heap me jatey hain. Heap is basically large memory pool area.

Structures k instances woh Stack me jatey hain. Stack is basically small memory pool area.

Stack pe FIFO method hota hai jab k Heap pe memory Traverse hoti hai.

Classes Heap pe jati hain isi liye hum classes k instances ko new k keyword se initialize krtey hain.

Stack pe humey memory space allocate krwane ki zaroorat nahi hai kyun k motherboard k upper jo register hain that is Stack.

Aik hi program k andar hum aik naam k 2 instances ya objects nahi bna saktey.

Aik hi naam k aik se zyada constructors with different signatures aur hi class me hon to isey hum constructor overloading kahen ge. Constructor overloading bilkul function overloading ki tarha hogi.

Example
class Arithmetic{
Public Arithmetic(){
height = 1;
}
Public Arithmetic(int height){	//parameter height is a local variable
this.height = height;	//this.height is an instance variable & height is a local variable
}
private int height;	//height is an instance variable
}

Lecture#3 ka Point#82 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Class k instance variable ko jab declare krte hain to woh khud hi apni data type ki default value se initialize ho jata hai aur is instance variable ko is ki data type ki default value se is class ka default constructor ya constructor initialize krwata hai. Humey class k instance variables ki koi khud se value set krwani ho to usey hum constructor me initialize kre ge aur jesey hi humari class ka object initialize hoga to constructor call ho jaye ga aur instance variable ki value set ho jaye gi. Constructor values set kr rha hota hai aur values return nahi krta, values set krne me aur values return krne me farq hai. Constructor me hum woh kaam krte hain jo hum chahtey hain k jesey humara object initialize ho to woh call ho jaye.

FOR EXAMPLE: Jab koi insaan peda hota hai to us ki kuch values default me set hoti hain like; eyes ka color, hairs ka color, skin ka color etc to in properties ya values ko hum us insaan k constructor me initialize krwa den ge aur kuch properties ya values us insaan ki pehley se set nahi hongi like; naam etc to naam ki property hum khud set kren ge aur usey constructor me call nahi krwaye ge.

Constructor ka kaam hi properties me values set krna hota hai.

Lecture#3 ka Point#81 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Constructor(Basic member of class):

Constructors is a special type of functions. Constructor class k tamam functions me sab se top pe likha jaye hai. Constructor ka naam aur class ka naam same hona chahiye. Constructor ki return data type nahi hoti matlab yeh k constructor kuch bhi return nahi kre ga to is liye constructor k saath na to hum koi return data type likhtey hain aur na hi void ka keyword likhtey hain. Sirf constructor k saath us ka access modifier likhtey hain.

Constructor ki aik khaas property yeh bhi hai k jab hum constructor nahi bnatey to aik default constructor program me tab bhi mojood hota hai. Yeh kesey pata chaley ga k is program ki class ka default constructor hai? Woh is tarha k jab aap class ka object bna rhey hongey to new k keyword k baad jo aap ne class ka naam likha hoga us pe mouse hover kre to .NET Framework intellisense aap ko bta de ga k className.constructor(). Class ka object bnatey waqt constructor sirf aik dafa call hoga. Constructor ka kaam hota hai to initialize. Agar hum apna constructor bnaye ge to humara bnaya hua constructor hi call hoga jab k default constructor call nahi hoga.

Memory me jab aap koi object initialize kr rhey hotey hain to operating system se humara constructor request krta hai k is object ko memory allocate ki jaye ya memory me jaga di jaye. Constructor on the behalf of CLR, operating system se request krta hai k merey object ko memory allocate ki jaye(jitney us class k members space occupy kre ge utney size ki memory allocate hogi).

Lecture#3 ka Point#80 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Agar 2 functions same name k same class me hain lakin in k signatures different hain to isey hum function overloading ya method overloading kehtey hain. Function overloading ka taluq uski implementation, access modifier, return data type se nahi hoga balkey function overloading ka taluq us k naam aur signature se hoga. Agar function ka naam same hoga aur signature different hoga tb function overloading hogi. Function signature me arrangement of arguments ka matlab yeh hai k arguments ki data type ka arrangement change kr den.

Agar aik naam k two functions hain aur in dono functions k signature ka arrangement change hai.

FOR EXAMPLE:

Public long Add(int i, short j){......}            //first function

Public long Add(short i, int j){......}            //second function

Jab hum class se bahr in dono me se kisi aik function ko call kerwaye ge to is function k kisi aik argument k saath us ki type casting kre ge jis se identify hoga k hum kon sa function call krwa rhey hain. Agar hum type casting nahi kre ge to compile-time error aa jaye ga.

FOR EXAMPLE:

obj.Add(1, (short)1);            //call first function

Agar function ko call krwatey waqt function me koi parameter number without type casting pass krwaye ge to woh by-default integer hoga.

FOR EXAMPLE:

Public long Add(int i, int j){......}                 //first function

Public long Add(int i, short j){......}            //second function

obj.Add(1, 1);                                              //call first function

obj.Add(1, (short)1);                                  //call first function

Lecture#3 ka Point#79 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Functions Signature:

For Example: Kya aik ghar me aik hi naam k 2 log ho saktey hain? jawab hai g haan bilkul ho saktey hain lakin woh is condition me k jab aap k ghar me aap k sath koi doosri family bhi reh rhi ho. Aik choti si Misaal de k main aap ko samjhane ki koshish krta hn k farz kren k maine apna ghar kisi ko rent pe diya hua aur jis ko maine apna ghar rent pe diya hai us ka aur mera naam same hai i.e. "SHUMAIL". Ab mere ghar koi shaks ata hai aur woh kehta hai k "SHUMAIL" ko bula do to mere ghar walo ko kesey pta chaley ga k woh shaks kis "SHUMAIL" ki baat kr rha hai? Woh aese pta chaley ga k us shaks ko "SHUMAIL" k naam k sath kuch makhsoos parameter provide krna pre ga like: "SHUMAIL Software house wala" ya phir "SHUMAIL Textile wala" etc to tb ja k mere ghar walo ko pta chaley ga k woh shaks kis "SHUMAIL" ko bula rha hai kyun k "There is an ambiguous reference between 2 SHUMAIL's". Bilkul is tarha ".NET Framework" me aik class k ander aik naam k 2 functions ho saktey hain lakin in dono functions k parameters change hon  ge. Function me hum jo parameter pass krwatey hain unhey hum signature ya phir function signature kehtey hain.

Functions Signature me 3 cheezey shamil hoti hain.

1. Number of arguments/parameters.
2. Type of arguments/parameters.
3. Arrangement of arguments/parameters.

Hum Number of arguments/parameters, Type of arguments/parameters aur arrangement of arguments/parameters ko change kr den to humara function signature bhi change ho jaye ga. Function ko hum us k signature se pehchane ge. Function signature me agar number of argument, type of argument ya arrangement of argument me se koi aik cheez bhi change ker den ge to function signature change ho jaye ga.

Lecture#3 ka Point#78 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Jab hum apne program me data ko validate kr rhey hon ge ya phir data pe koi check lga rhey hongey to isey hum "Business logic" kahen ge. For Example: if(weight > 0){..........}

Agar instance variable jisey hum apne program ki kisi property(get & set) me use kr rhey hon ge to best practice yeh hai k according to requirement hum is instance variable ka access modifier private rakhey kyun k hum property me use values ko check lga k safe kr saktey hain lakin instance variable ki value ko safe nahi kr saktey matlab yeh k agar instance variable ka access modifier public hoga to koi bhi class k bahr se is instance variable ko access kr sakta hai aur is ki value change bhi kr sakta hai.

Lecture#3 ka Point#77 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Agar variable humney function, constructor ya property(get & set) k ander declare kiya hoga to woh "local variable" kehlaye ga.

Agar kisi function me 2 integers add ho k return hon ge to hum us function ki return data type "long" rakhey ge kyun k aik achey programmer ki nishani hai k woh apne program ko hr aspect se soch rha hota hai. Agar misaal k tor pe yeh dono integers add ho k aesi value return kren jo integer data type ki maximum value se bari ho to us k liye humey integer se bari data type rakhni hogi i.e. "long data type".

Visual Studio me Intellisense ka matlab hai number of features(list members, parameter info, quick info & complete word).

Agar humney aik variable declare kiya hai jis ka scope "if statement" ya phir "loop" ki "curly brackets{}" k dermiyan me hai to yeh variable humey is "if statement" ya "loop" se bahr available nahi hoga.

"local variables" ka scope limited hota hai jis ki wajah se hum "local variables" k sath access modifiers use nahi krtey.

Lecture#3 ka Point#76 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Jab koi entity jisey hum class ki surat me bna rhey hongey, woh "abstract data type" kehlaye gi lakin agar yehi entity hum database me bna rhey hon ge to yeh "table" kehlaye ga.

Abstract data type is basically a collection of homogeneous attributes and behaviors. Homogeneous ka matlab hai k aik hi type ki ya aik hi tarha ki koi cheez. FOR EXAMPLE: Agar student ka behavior hai "to study(perhna)" to yeh behavior teacher ka nahi ho sakta aur agar teacher ka behavior "perhana" hai to yeh behavior student ka nahi ho sakta, Is ka matlab yeh hua k students se related jitne bhi behaviors hain woh student ki class me honge aur teacher se related jitne bhi behaviors hain woh teacher ki class me honge.

Basic members of class(abstract data type) ko agar hum classify kre to hum yeh keh saktey hain k is me humare pass "data members" aur "function members" hotey hain. Data members me humare pass variables hotey hain jab k function members me humare pass properties, functions aur constructors hotey hain.

Agar hum user se input le k koi operation perform krtey hain to is k liye hum Console.ReadLine() ka function use krtey hain. Console.ReadLine() ka function humey string data type me output de ga aur phir hum data type ko change krne k liye "Type casting" kren ge. Agar hum user se integer value input me le k us ko print krwana chahtey hain to Console.ReadLine() ka funnction is input value ko integer data type me nahi balkey string data type me apney pass hold kre ga, to hum string ko integer data type me convert krne k liye type casting kren ge.

Lecture#2 ka Point#75 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

FUNCTION(BASIC MEMBER OF CLASS):

Function is a set of instructions. Program likhtey waqt kuch cheezey aesi hoti hain jinhey hum bar bar repeat kr rhey hotey hain to woh set of instructions jinhey hum bar bar repeat kr rhey hotey hain unhey hum function me convert kr letey hain.

Function bnaney ka maqsad code ko re-use krna hai.

Humara function alag hota hai aur humara program alag hota hai. Hum function ko apne program me call krtey hain. Humare program ka control jump kr jata hai us function pe jisey humney apne program me call krwaya hai aur woh pura function execute hota hai aur function execution jb khattum hoti hai to control wapis transfer ho jata hai program ki us line k very next jahan humney woh function call krwaya hoga.

Function ka koi "access modifier" hoga, koi "name" hoga aur kuch "attributes" & "properties" hongi. Function ko hum Sub-routine ya method ya procedure bhi kehtey hain.

Aik function woh hai jo aap se kuch input le aur us input ko process krne k baad kuch value return kre. Aik function woh hai jo koi value return nahi krta. Jo function value return kre ga hum us k sath uski return data type bhi mention kre ge.

FOR EXAMPLE: Public long Add(int i, int j){ return i+j; }

Jo function value return nahi krta us k sath hum void ka keyword likhtey hain. void ka matlab hota hai "no return data type".
FOR EXAMPLE: Public void Print(){ Console.WriteLine("Muhammad Shumail Cheema"); }

Jo variable hum function k scope ya "curly brackets{}" k ander likhen ge woh humara "local variable" kehlaye ga. "Local variable" ka scope function se bahir nahi hoga.

"Local variables" apni data type ki default value se initialize nahi hotey. Sirf "instance variables" apni data type ki default value se initialize hotey hain.

Lecture#2 ka Point#74 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Agar humare Student k card me "Name", "Roll#", "Course", "Class" aur "Phone#" ki total 5 fields hain to is ko mad-e-nazar rakhtey huvey humare program me 5 variables alag baney ge aur 5 properties alag baney gi(i.e. 5 gets aur 5 sets bhi bney ge).

Agar hum "property" likhtey waqt "get" likhen lakin "set" ka block code na likhen to isey hum "Read-only property" kehtey hain.

FOR EXAMPLE:
Public int RollNo
{
get
{
return rollno;
}
}

"Read-only property" me value assign nahi kr saktey iska matlab yeh hua k value constant rhey gi aur value change nahi hogi.

Agar hum "property" likhtey waqt "set" likhen lakin "get" ka block code na likhen to isey hum "Write-only property" kehtey hain.

FOR EXAMPLE:
Public int RollNo
{
set
{
rollno = value;
}
}

"Write-only property" me hum sirf property k through variable ko value assign kr saktey hain.

Agar hum "property" likhtey waqt na "get" ka block code likhen aur na hi "set" ka block code likhen to yeh "property" hi nahi rhey gi. "Property" bnaney k liye kam se kam aik "accessor(get ya set)" hona lazmi hai.

FOR EXAMPLE:
Public int RollNo
{
}

Agar hum "property" likhtey waqt "get" bhi likhen aur "set" bhi likhen to isey hum "Both property" kahen ge.

"VB.NET" me humey "property" k saath likhna hota hai k yeh "Read-only property" hai ya "Write-only property" hai ya phir "Both property" hai.

Lecture#2 ka Point#73 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Property ko hum "get" aur "set" krwa rhey hotey hain. Property ko hum "accessor" bhi kehtey hain("get accessor" ya "set accessor").

Program likhtey waqt proper name convension honi chahiye. Jesey mera naam "Muhammad Shumail Cheema" hai to "Muhammad" mera first name, "Shumail" mera middle name aur "Cheema" mera last name hoga. yeh mera proper naam hai. aesa nahi hoga k mera naam "Shumail123" ho ya phir "Shumail_@" ho. is cheez ko hum proper name convension kehtey hain. Bilkul isi tarha jab developer program bnaye ga to woh apne variables, properties aur functions k naam proper rakhey ga.

Mera naam "Muhammad Shumail Cheema" hai to "Muhammad" ka "M", "Shumail" ka "S" aur "Cheema" ka "C" capital hoga. isey hum "Casing" kehtey hain. Developers ko bhi chahiye k jab woh program likh rhey hon to apne variables, properties aur functions k naam casing k saath likhain. "Muhammad Shumail Cheema" k naam me "pascal casing" use hui hai aur "muhammad Shumail" k naam me "camel casing" use hui hai.

Agar koi code ko dekh k bta de k is ka output kya aye ga to isey hum "Dry Run" kehtey hain. is ka matlab yeh hua k aap apney dimagh ko as a compiler use krtey huvey dimagh me program ka sketch bnao ge aur is ko mad-e-nazar rakhtey huvey program ka output btao ge.

Jab hum project bna k usey compile aur run krwatey hain to yeh aik "Cost" hai. Program ko build krna, Program ko compile krna aur program ko release krna that is a "Cost".

"Dry Run" ko hum "Unit testing" bhi kehtey hain.

Lecture#2 ka Point#72 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

byte, short, integer aur long data type ki by-default value "0" hogi (for signed and unsigned data types). boolean data type ki default value "False" hogi. "char" aur "string" data type ki default value "empty" hogi. "decimal", "float" aur "double" ki default value "0" hogi.


Agar boolean ki 8bits me se 7bits "0" ya "OFF" hain aur 1bit "1" ya "ON" hai to answer "TRUE" aye ga kyun k in tamam 8bits me se 1bit "ON" ya "1" hai.


"NULL" ko hum special data type bhi kehtey hain.


"Heap" and "Stack" is basically a type of memory.

PROPERTIES (BASIC MEMBER OF CLASS):  

Purani languages me class me properties ka concept nahi hota tha. Properties hum use krtey hain to "get" and "set" a value "To/From" the variable.


Error humare pass 3 types k hotey hain.

1. Compile time error.
2. Runtime error.
3. Logical error.

"Logical error" woh error hota hai jo input ki wajah se ata hai. FOR EXAMPLE: Jesey k student ka Roll# hai woh hamesha "positive" me hoga lakin agar user "negative" me input dega to woh logical error kehlaye ga. Logical errors ko control krne k liye hum program me kuch modifications kre ge aur properties bnaye ge.

Syntax of property
Public int RollNo{.....} → Property
Public int RollNo; → variable

Purani languages me hum variable me value "set" aur "get" krne k liye hum functions bnatey thay. FOR EXAMPLE: getRollNo() aur setRollNo(). Lakin .NET Framework me values ko "get" aur "set" krwane k liye hum propertties bnatey hain.

Line No.	Code	Comments
1	class Student
2	{
3	Public int rollno;	//instance variable or data member.
4	Public int RollNo	//property or function member.
5	{
6	get
7	{
8	return rollno;
9	}
10	set
11	{
12	rollno = value;	//"value" is a keyword. jo value RollNo ki set kre ga woh value hi is "value" ke keyword me aye gi.
13	}
14	}
15	}
16	class Program
17	{
18	static void Main(string[] args)
19	{
20	Student Haroon = new Student();
21	Haroon.RollNo = 4945;	//to set the property "RollNo"
22	Console.WriteLine(Haroon.RollNo);	//to get the property "RollNo"
23	Console.ReadLine();
24	}
25	}
OUTPUT:                  4945

Lecture#2 ka Point#71 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Jo cheez "curly brackets{}" k dermiyan mojood hogi to yeh is cheez ka scope kehlaye ga.

Agar kisi variable ka scope class k kisi function ya constructor me define na ho ya class k ander root pe hi varriable define ho to woh humare pass "Instance variable" kehlaye ga.

Variable declaration → Student Haroon;

Variable initialization → Student Haroon = new Student();

Instance variable ko hum class-level variable bhi kehtey hain.

Student Haroon = new Student(); me Haroon naam ka variable memory me declare ya define ho jata hai jis ki data type ya class Student hai lakin yeh variable memory me tb tak exists nahi kre ga jab tak hum is variable ko new k keyword k sath initialize na krwa le.

.NET Framework me hum jab bhi koi program bna rhey hongey to aik "memory pool area" hoga jo humare program k liye reserve ho jaye ga aur jitne bhi instances ya objects hongey memory me woh is "memory pool area" me initialize hongey.

Program ka "memory pool area" alag hota hai aur variables ka "memory pool area" alag hota hai.

C#(C sharp) me agar hum kisi cheez k sath access modifier nahi likhtey to woh cheez by-default "Private" hogi jab k VB.NET me agar hum kisi cheez k sath access modifier nahi likhtey to woh cheez by-default "Public" hogi.

VB.NET is slightly "loosly coupled system".

Agar humney apne instance variable ko declare to kiya lakin initialize nahi kiya to by-default woh instance variable apni default value se initialize ho jaye ga. FOR EXAMPLE: byte b; me "b" instance variable hai aur is ki data type "byte" hai aur "byte" data type ki default value "0" hai to is ka matlab yeh hua k byte b = 0; .

Hr data type k by-default tamam bits us waqt tk "OFF" ya "0" hotey hain jab tk us data type ka variable initialize nahi ho jata.

Lecture#2 ka Point#70 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

BASIC MEMBERS OF ABSTRACT DATA TYPE(ABSTRACT CLASS):-

1. Variables.
2. Properties.
3. Functions(Methods/Procedures/Sub-Routines).
4. Constructor.

Basic members of class me Variable ko hum "data member" bhi kehtey hain. Data member ka matlab aesi cheez jo memory k andar data ko hold kre ya hum aasan alfaz me yeh bhi keh saktey hain k variable aik aesi cheez hai jis me humara data store hota hai.

Basic members of class me Properties, Functions aur Constructor yeh sab class k behaviors hain.

For Example

byte b = 100 ;

byte   →   Data type.

b    →   Variable ya placeholder.

=    →   Assignment Operator.

100   →   Data.

;    →   Line terminator.

Variable data ko represent krta hai with data type. Variable humare pass placeholder hai jahan hum memory k andar data ko store kertey hain. Yeh placeholder kisi data type ko represent krta hai aur jis datatype ko represent krta hai isi type ka data is placeholder me store hoga is k ilawa kisi doosri type ka data is placeholder me store nahi hoga. To hum yeh bhi keh saktey hain k humare pass variable specific data type k honge.

FOR EXAMPLE: Variable ya to byte data type ka hoga ya phir short data type ka hoga ya kisi bhi data type ka hoga lakin aesa bilkul bhi nahi hoga k yeh variable short data type ka bhi ho aur byte data type ka bhi ho kyun k yeh variable kisi aik (specific) data type ko represent kre ga ya hum yeh bhi keh saktey hain k is variable ki aik (specific) data type k data ko apney andar store kre ga.

Variable ne temporary ya kuch time k liye data ko memory me hold kiya hoga aur jesey hi hum apna program close kren ge to yeh variable memory se flush out ho jaye ga.

Variables humare pass 2 types k hotey hain.

1. Instance Variable.
2. Local Variable.

Lecture#2 ka Point#69 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Jab hum class ki baat kren ge to humare pass "Access modifiers" honge jis ki madad se hum limitations define kr saktey hain.

"Public (access modifier)" ka matlab hai k jo cheez publically available ho aur "Private (access modifier)" ka matlab hai k jo cheez makhsoos(private) logo ko available ho.

For example: ab aik teacher hai woh student ki class conduct kr rha hai. Us class me multimedia(projector) lga hua hai jo teacher k laptop se connected hai. To multimedia(projector) ka access modifier "public" hoga kyun k projector ko teacher aur student dono dekh saktey hain jab k teacher k laptop ka access modifier "private" hoga kyun k laptop ko sirf teacher hi dekh sakta hai.

"Public" aur "private" access modifiers ko hum "Basic access modifier" bhi kehtey hain.

"Protected" aur "friendly" bhi humare pass access modifiers hain jinhey hum "advance access modifier" bhi kehtey hain.

For example: aik class hai jis me teacher students ki class conduct kr rha hai. Us class me projector hai jo laptop se connect hai. Ab projector class me mojood tamam logo k liye "public"  access modifier hai jab k class se bahr mojood tamam logo k liye "private" access modifier hai.

Class me mojood kisi bhi cheez ka access modifier agar "private" hoga to is class ki koi bhi cheez humey is class se bahir available nahi hogi. Lakin agar is class ki kisi bhi cheez ka access modifier "public" hoga to woh class k bahir bhi available hogi.

Example: Ab jesey student k card pe student ka name, roll#,course etc likha hua hota hai lakin fees nahi likhi hui hoti kyun k fees ka access modifier "private" hai.

Lecture#2 ka Point#68 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Jab bhi hum koi program bnatey hain to sab se pehley us program ka sketch bnatey hain ya logic design krtey hain k humare program me kon konsi data types use hongi.

Jo fields hum in the form of table save kr rhey hotey hain to sab se pehla sawal yeh zehn me ata hai k "What is table?". Table humare pass aik "Entity" hai. Jab bhi hum data type ki baat kr rhey honge to iska matlab yeh hai k hum "Entity" ki baat kr rhey honge.

"Entity" basically represent krti hai data type ko ya data type represent krti hai "Entity" ko. For Example: Hum aik school system bna rhey hain to school system ko mad-e-nazar rakhtey huvey humare zehn me kya kya cheezey ati hain, woh humari "Entity" kehlaye gi (LIKE: Student, Teacher etc). "Student" humare pass "Entity" hogi aur "Student" k umbrella k under (Student name, Roll number, Fees, Course, Class etc) hoga. Humey yahan se aik data type identify hui jis ka naam "Student" hai. "Teacher" bhi humare pass aik "Entity" ya data type hai aur (Teacher name, salery etc) "Teacher" ki properties hongi.

Jesey hum baat krtey hain (byte, short, integer aur long data types etc) ki to in ki jo characteristics hain woh aik dafa define kr di gai hain k (byte, short, integer aur long data types) kis tarha ki hongi bilkul isi tarha "Abstract data type" me hoga k hum aik dafa data type ki jo characteristics define kren ge woh change nahi hongi.

Ab Jesey humney "Student" aur "Teacher" k naam ki 2 different "Abstract data types" banai ya "Entities" bnai. To "Student" aur "Teacher" ko jo cards miley hon ge (school ya college ya university) ki taraf se un me differnce hoga. Jesey "Student" k card me (Form#, Reciept#, Name, Course, Roll#, Valid upto etc) jesi properties ya attribute ya fields hongi. Ab "Student" k card me ye Jo 6 fields ya variables ya place holders hain yeh kisi na kisi data type ko represent kr rhey hon ge lakin yeh tamam fields mil kr aik "Entity" bnaye gi jo "Student" hogi Aur tamam "Students" k pass jo card hongey un pr yehi properties ya fields ya attributes hongey. Aesa nai ho sakta k kisi "Student" k pass in me se koi aik field ya property na ho ya phir aik field ya property zyada ho. Tamam "Students" ki yeh 6 properties ya variables hongey jo tamam "Students" me same hongey. Humare pass "Teacher" next "Abstract data type" hai aur "Teacher" ki data type "Student" ki data type se change hogi.

"Student" humare pass data type hogi lakin school ki class me mojood tamam students "Instance" ya "Object" kehlaye ge "Student data type" ka. "Instance" is basically a representation of that data type.

Ab jesey "salery" humare pass aik property hai. "Salery" to "Teacher" ko milti hai jab k "Student" fees pay krta hai.Jab aap "Entities" ko ya "Abstract data types" ko identify kren ge to unki "Properties" ko bhi identify kren ge.

Jab hum "Abstract data type"(user defined data type) ki baat krte hain to iska matlab hai k hum "Class" ki baat kr rhey hain. "Class" k ilawa bhi hum apni "Abstract data type" ko define kr saktey hain. "Class" is basically an "Entity". Jesey hi hum "Entity" ki baat kre ge to humey us "Entity" ki properties aur behaviors samajh ana shuru ho jayen ge. Jesey "Teacher class" ka behavior perhana hoga. "Class" ki properties noun hongi aur behaviors verb hon ge. "Properties" ko hum "Attributes" bhi kehtey hain.

Example#1: "Men" aur "Women" humarey pass 2 different "Classes" mojood hain aur in dono classes k different behaviors aur different properties hon gi. "Men" aur "Women" classes ya data types sirf aik dafa define ki gai hon gi. Ab jitney bhi "Men" aur "Women" hongey woh in classes ya data types k "Instance" hongey.

Example#2: "Laptop" class me laptop ki properties aur behaviors ko sirf aik dafa define kiya gya hoga. Laptop bnaney wali company ka aik assembling plant hoga jis me aik dafa define kiya gya hoga k is laptop ka model, color, memory, hard disk, RAM, proccesor etc kis tarha k hoga. Ab jitney bhi laptop is assembling plant me manufacture hon ge woh sab same hon ge. Tamam laptops jo is assembling plant se manufacture ho k nikley ge woh "Laptop data type" ya "Laptop class" ka "Instance" kehlaye ge.

Agar hum aesi "Class(data type)" bnatey hain jis ka koi "behavior" ya "property" na ho to us se humara koi objective achieve nahi hoga.

Lecture#2 ka Point#67 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Abstract Data Type:-

"Abstract data type" ka matlab hai, "user defined data types".

Jo users khud apni data types bnaye ge usey hum "Abstract data type" kehtey hain. Hum apni requirement k hisab se data type define kre ge.

Hum C# ME Images, Audios, Videos etc ko store krwane k liye "Primitive data types" use nahi kr saktey kyun k "primitive data types" me koi aesi data type nahi jo humari requirement ko fulfill krti ho to is k liye hum "Abstract data type" bnatey hain.

Image, audio, video, date, time etc ko hum "primitive data type" k saath store nahi krwa saktey.

Lecture#2 ka Point#66 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Visual studio(.NET Framework) coding me humey boht help kr rha hota hai. Visual studio ki apni intelligence hai. Jisey hum snippets kehtey hain.

Visual studio aik "single integrated development environment" hai. Visual studio me 5 compilers by-default hotey hain jab k 30+ compilers extend hotey hain aur yeh tamam development tools and technologies aap single IDE me integrate kr saktey hain.

Visual studio me hum takriban tamam types ki applications bna saktey hain in all the programming languages.

Lecture#1 ka Point#65 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Humare pass Csharp(.NET Framework) me 2 types k error hotey hain.

1. Compile time error
2. Run time error

"Compile time error" me compiler error ko judge kr leta hai aur humare program ko wahin rok deta hai aur humey error message show kr deta hai.

"Run time error" woh hotey hain jo logical reasons ki wajah se aatey hain.

Example Code#1:
1	short s = 256;
2	byte b = (byte) s;
3	Console.WriteLine(b);
4	Console.ReadLine();
OUTPUT:	0

Example Code#2:
1	short s = 257;
2	byte b = (byte) s;
3	Console.WriteLine(b);
4	Console.ReadLine();
OUTPUT:	1 (kyun k byte data type ki maximum range: "255" hai.agar byte data type ki value 255 se barh jaye gi to woh apni minimum range: "0" se value ko dobara start kr de ga.)

Lecture#1 ka Point#64 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Aik default behavior hai C#(.NET Framework) me type casting ka k jab hum choti se bari data type me move kr rhey hotey hain to value ko hum easily choti se bari data type k saath store kr saktey hain.

For Example:

Byte data type ki value ko agar hum short data type me store krwaye to woh easily store ho jaye gi. Is me type casting hogi aur value easily convert ho jaye gi aur humey value lost ho janey ka bhi khof nahi hoga. Isko hum "Implicit type casting" kehtey hain, jis me hum value choti data type se bari data type me convert kr rhey hotey hain.

"Implicit type casting" me agar hum type casting nahi krtey to C#(.NET Framework) ka default behavior hai k woh khud hi type casting kre ga. "Implicit type casting" ko hum "Boxing" bhi kehtey hain.

"Explicit type casting" ya "unboxing" jo hai "Implicit type casting" ya "boxing" ka ulat hogi bas farq(difference) sirf itna hoga k "implicit type casting" me type casting optional hogi jab k "explicit type casting" me type casting required ya mandatory hogi.

"Explicit type casting" me values lost honay ka chance hota hai.

For Example:

Agar humey aik barey(big) box ko chotey(small) box me daalna ho to big box kaat peet kr ya tor maror kr small box me chala to jaye ga lakin us big box ki original shape lost ho jaye gi.

Implicit Type casting with example code:
1	byte b = 100;
2	short s = (short) b;
3	Console.WriteLine(s);
4	Console.ReadLine();
Output:	100

Explicit Type casting with example code:
1	short s = 100;
2	// byte b = s; //error aa jaye ga.
3	byte b = (byte) s;
4	Console.WriteLine(b);
5	Console.ReadLine();
Output:	100

TIP: Acha programmer woh hota hai jo "explicit type casting" ho ya phir "implicit type casting", woh "explicit type casting" hi krta hai.

Lecture#1 ka Point#63 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Type Casting:-

Aik data type ko doosri data type me convert krne ko hum type casting kehtey hain.

Aik game hai jis me aik box hota hai aur jab hum us box ko kholtey hain to us k ander aik chota box hota hai aur is chotey box k andar aik aur is se bhi chota box hota hai aur is tarha krtey krtey aakhir me aik machis ki dabi(match box) nikalti hai aur is machis ki dabi me tofi ya coin rakha hua hota hai, bilkul isi tarha type casting me hum size k hisab se bari data type ko choti data type me convert kr rhey hotey hain, is Phenomenon ko hum unboxing kehtey hain.

Paragraph#2 me di gai box wali example ko mad-e-nazar rakhtey huwey hum long data type me se interger data type nikaltey hain aur phir integer data type me se short data type nikaltey hain aur akhir me short data type me se byte data type nikaltey hain, agar humari desired value byte data type me hogi. Is Phenomenon ko hum boxing aur unboxing kehtey hain. Boxing aur unboxing k liye humey type casting ki zaroorat perhti hai.

Boxing aur unboxing me type cast krtey waqt agar long data type se byte data type me convert krna hai to humey koi zaroorat nai k pehley hum long data type ko integer data type, phir integer data type ko short data type aur phir akhir me short data type ko byte data type me cast kre, balkey hum C# me direct long data type ko byte data type me cast kre ge.

Lecture#1 ka Point#62 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

.NET Framework(C#) me tamam primitive data types object ki form me hoti hain.

Hum visual basic 6 me ya C++ me kehtey thay k hum ne kisi bhi cheez ka object bna liya ya yeh bhi kehtey thay k object pass kr diya lakin ab se hum isey object nahi kahen ge balkey isey hum instance kahen ge. Instance ka matlab hai Copy. Jitni bhi cheezey jo hum C# me create kre ge woh object nahi balkey instance kehlaye gi. C#.NET me by-default every thing is object.

Humney apney Lecture#1 k Point#61 me aik chota sa program likha tha aur is program ki line#12 me byte b = 100; likha tha to b humare pass byte ka instance hai.

Lecture#1 ka Point#61 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Open visual studio → Click "File" → Select "New Project" → Window on left side → Console application(visual C#)

Program:- (Program.cs)
1	using System;
2	using System.Collections.Generic;
3	using System.Linq;
4	using System.Text;
5	using System.Threading.Tasks;
6	namespace ConsoleApplication1
7	{
8	class Program
9	{
10	Static Void Main(String[] args)
11	{
12	byte b = 100;
13	Console.WriteLine(b);
14	Console.ReadLine();
15	}
16	}
17	}
Output: 100

Lecture#1 ka Point#60 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Jab hum very first time kisi user ko apni C# ki application deploy krtey hain production phase me nahi balkey test phase me aur usey boltey hain k application pe load dalo aur check kro k application kitna load bardasht kr sakti hai. Hum user ko samjhatey hain k application ki kisi makhsoos functionality ko mat cherna to user sab se pehley usi makhsoos functionality ko cherta hai jis ka usey mana kiya gya hota hai, to isko hum "Gorilla Testing" kehtey hain.

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Lecture#1 ka Point#59 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

C# me "Muhammad Shumail Cheema" string ko store krne k liye memory me 23 "IO(Input-Output)" operations perform hotey hain ya hum yeh bhi keh saktey hain k memory me 23 "Read" aur "Write" k operations perform hotey hain.

String k hr individual character pe 1 "IO(Input-Output)" operation perform hota hai.

Jab humara string 20 bytes se barh jaye ga to memory me 40 bytes ka 1 new string ban jaye ga aur purana string jo 20 bytes ka tha woh is 40 bytes waley string me copy ho jaye ga aur us k baad automatically remove ho jaye ga.

Lecture#1 ka Point#58 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Question: String="Muhammad Shumail Cheema" memory me kitne bytes space occupy kre ga?

Answer: Total 23 characters use ho rhey hain is String me (space ko mila k) lakin yeh String 23 bytes ka nahi hoga balkey 40 bytes ka hoga.

1 character ≠ 1byte = 20bytes(String).

21 character ≠ 21byte = 40bytes(String).

Lecture#1 ka Point#57 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Hum Csharp me"String data type" alpha-numeric values ko store krwane k liye use krtey hain. Jab hum "String data type" initialize krtey hain to yeh by-default memory me 20 bytes space occupy kr leta hai aur jesey hi humara string 20 bytes se barh jata hai to yeh memory me 40 bytes space occupy kr leta hai.

Lecture#1 ka Point#56 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Agar humey C# me Float, Double aur Decimal data types me "±" sign store krwana hai to 1bit humari "." sign store krne k liye reserve ho jaye gi aur 1bit "±" sign store krne k liye reserve ho jaye gi aur "±" sign store krne ki wajah se range pe bhi farq parey ga.

Lecture#1 ka Point#55 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

C# me double aur decimal data types me bhi hum 1 bit "." sign ko store krne k liye reserve kre ge. "Double data type" humare pass (8bytes = 64bits) ki hogi jab k "Decimal data type" humare pass (16bytes = 128bits) ki hogi. Float, Double aur Decimal data types me signed aur unsigned ka koi chakar nai hai.

Lecture#1 ka Point#54 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

"Float data type" me (4bytes = 32bits) hongey. 32 bits me se 1 bit ".(Dot ya Decimal)" sign store krne k liye use hogi. Baki remaining 31 bits me numbers store hongey. 1 bit jis me "." sign store ho rha hai woh left side pe hogi ya phir right side pe hogi. Agar "." sign left side pe hoga to baki remaining 31 bits me jo number store hoga woh boht chota number hoga aur agar "." sign right side pe hoga to baki remaining 31 bits jo hongey un me jo number store hoga woh "integer" hoga ya hum yeh bhi keh saktey hain k "integer" se thora kam hoga kyun k 1 bit me "." store hoga. Float ki maximum range "32767" hogi. "65535" float ki maximum range nahi hogi kyun k 1 bit me "." store ho rha hai.

Lecture#1 ka Point#53 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Hum C# me float, double aur decimal data types ko decimal values store krwane k liye use krtey hai.

Lecture#1 ka Point#52 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

C#(.NET Framework) me "char data type" 2 bytes ki is liye hoti hai k yeh "UNICODE" ko bhi support krti hai. "UNICODE" ka matlab hai k "multilingual" ya "multiple languages" (For Example: French, Urdu, Chinese, German etc).

"UNICODE" k character set ki range 40,000+ hai.

Lecture#1 ka Point#51 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

C language ya C++ language me "char data type" 1 byte ki hoti hai jab k C#.NET(.NET Framework) me "char data type" 2 bytes ki hoti hai.

Lecture#1 ka Point#50 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

C# me hum poora ASCII table 1 byte me store kr saktey hain.

Lecture#1 ka Point#49 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Primitive Data Types:-

Type	Size in Byte
bool	1
sbyte	1
byte	1
short	2
ushort	2
int	4
uint	4
long	8
ulong	8
char	2
float	4
double	8
decimal	16
string	20+

Lecture#1 ka Point#48 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Hum C# me signed byte data type k liye "sbyte", unsigned byte data type k liye "byte", signed short data type k liye "short", unsigned short data type k liye "ushort", signed integer data type k liye "int", unsigned integer data type k liye "uint", signed long data type k liye "long" aur unsigned long data type k liye "ulong" k keywords use kren ge.

Lecture#1 ka Point#47 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

C# me signed integer data type ki range -2147483648 se +2147483647 hogi jab k combinations wohi 4294967296 hi hon ge.

Lecture#1 ka Point#46 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Csharp(C#) me signed short data type ki range -32768 se +32767 tk hogi jab k combinations wohi 65536 hi hon ge.

Lecture#1 ka Point#45 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

C# me signed aur unsigned data type ka concept short, integer aur long data type k liye bhi wohi hai jo byte data type k liye hai.

Lecture#1 ka Point#44 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Csharp me jo "byte data type" jis me humney 1 bit sign k liye reserve na ki ho usey hum "unsigned byte data type" kehtey hain jis ki range 0 se 255 hoti hai.

Lecture#1 ka Point#43 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

C# me "signed byte data type" ki range -128 se +127 hogi jab k combinations wohi 256 rahey ge.

Lecture#1 ka Point#42 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Csharp(C#) me agar hum 1byte = 8bit me se koi 1bit jo left position pe ho ya right position pe jo k most significant bit hai us ko reserve kr letey hain (+ ya -) sign store krne k liye to isko hum "signed byte data type" kahen ge.

1byte=

±

0 bit

1 bit

1 bit

0 bit

0 bit

1 bit

0 bit

Lecture#1 ka Point#41 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Lecture#1 me humney Csharp(C#) ki jitni bhi data types ki baat ki hai woh positive numbers store krne k liye ki hai(For example: 1byte = 0 se +255).

Lecture#1 ka Point#40 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Agar hum "Facebook" application ki baat kre to is application k millions of users hain aur agar humney "byte data type" ki jagah "long data type" use ki jab k "byte data type" humari requirement ko fullfil kr rhi hai to aap millions of users ko (8byte = long data type) se multiply kr len to jitne "GB(Gigabyte)" space aye ga woh memory humey extra required hogi apney us variable ko store krwane k liye. Humari jitni bhi applications fail hoti hain woh isi wajah se fail hoti hain kyun k hum ne apni application ko optimize nahi kiya hota.

Lecture#1 ka Point#39 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Agar aap ko Csharp(C#) me number 100 store krwana hai aur us k liye aap "long data type" use kr rhe hain to iska matlab yeh hua k aap apne resource ko misuse kr rhe hain aur is ki wajah se app ki Csharp(C#) application ki performance pe farq parhey ga(performance slow ho jaye gi) aur "IO(Input-Output)" ka process time barh jaye ga aur iski wajah se aap ki memory me zyada space occupy hoga.

Lecture#1 ka Point#38 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Csharp(C#) me "primitive data types" ka matlab hai built-in data types yani k jo Csharp(C#) me pehley se bni bnai data types aap k pass mojood hain aur hum ne sirf in primitive data types ko use krna hai.

Lecture#1 ka Point#37 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Csharp(C#) me Byte, Short, Integer aur Long data types numeric values k liye use hoti hain. In ko hum "Primitive Data Types" bhi kehtey hain.

Lecture#1 ka Point#36 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Csharp(C#) me "Long data type" maximum 8 bytes ki hoti hai. Is me hum (2⁶⁴ - 1) store krwa saktey hain.

Lecture#1 ka Point#35 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Agar humey Csharp(C#) me 4 byte se bari ya phir (2³²-1) se bari value  store krwani hai to us k liye hum Csharp(C#) me "integer data type" use nahi kre ge balkey "long data type" use kre ge.

Lecture#1 ka Point#34 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

"Short data type" humare pass Csharp(C#) me maximum 2 bytes hogi.
Hum "integer data type" me maximum value (2³²-1 = 4294967295) store krwa saktey hain.

Lecture#1 ka Point#33 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

"C#.NET" me 4 byte ko hum "integer data type" kehtey hain ya hum yeh bhi keh saktey hain k "integer data type" maximum 4 bytes ki hogi.

Lecture#1 ka Point#32 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Agar humare pass Csharp(C#) me 1 value hai jo 1 lakh(1 lac) se zyada hai aur usey hum memory me store krwana chahtey hain to yeh value 2 bytes me store nai ho gi. Is k liye hum Csharp(C#) me "integer data type" use kren ge.

Lecture#1 ka Point#31 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Range humare pass hamesha odd numbers me hogi jab k combinations humare pass even numbers me hon ge.

Lecture#1 ka Point#30 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Agar hum C# me 2 bytes ki baat kren to humare pass "0" se "65535" ki range baney gi aur humare pass "65536" combinations baney ge.

Lecture#1 ka Point#29 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

2⁰ + 2¹ + 2² + 2³ + 2⁴ + 2⁵ + 2⁶ + 2⁷ = 255(Maximum value of 1 byte Csharp(C#) me)

2⁰ + 2¹ + 2² + 2³ + 2⁴ + 2⁵ + 2⁶ + 2⁷ + 2⁸ + 2⁹ + 2¹⁰ + 2¹¹ + 2¹² + 2¹³ + 2¹⁴ + 2¹⁵ = 65535(Maximum value of 2 byte Csharp(C#) me)

Lecture#1 ka Point#28 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

"C#.NET framework" me jo 2 byte k liye data type available hai woh hai "short data type".

Lecture#1 ka Point#27 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Hum Csharp(C#) me kisi bhi character ko denote kr saktey hain 1 byte k ander.
Agar humari requirement "255" se barh jaye gi to hum us k liye Csharp(C#) me "byte data type" use nahi kren ge balkey hum us k liye "short data type" jisey hum "double data type" bhi kehtey hain, woh use kren ge.

Lecture#1 ka Point#26 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Csharp(C#) me agar 1 byte me "65" number store hua hai to is ka matlab yeh "A" ko represent kr rha hai jis ki wajah se hum byte ko "Adressable Data Type" kehtey hain.

Lecture#1 ka Point#25 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Agar hum Csharp(C#) me (0 se 255) numbers ki baat kre aur hum characters ya keys ki baat kre to hum ASCII table dekh k bta saktey hain k kis character ya key ko konsa number represent kr rha hoga.

Lecture#1 ka Point#24 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

ASCII table me humarey pass numbers ki range (0 se 255) hai aur her number kisi keyboard ki key ko represent kr rha hota hai like: "242" number "=" ko represent kr rha hai.

Lecture#1 ka Point#23 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

ASCII table me humarey jitney bhi keyboard pe keys hoti hain un k kuch numbers diye gye hotey hain like: "a" ka number "97" hai aur "A" ka number "65" hai.

Lecture#1 ka Point#22 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Csharp(C#) me jitni bhi data types bani hain woh "bit" aur "byte" ko use krtey huwey bani hain.

Lecture#1 ka Point#21 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Csharp(C#) me 365 humarey pass 2 bytes me store hoga jab k hum 2 bytes me maximum (255*2 = 510) value store krwa saktey hain.
365 humara 1 byte se zyada aur 2 byte se kam he to hum Csharp(C#) me fraction me (For example: 1.32bytes) kr k data type store nahi krwa saktey.

Lecture#1 ka Point#20 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Csharp(C#) Programming me jo sab se pehley data types introduce hui thi woh "bit" aur "byte" hain.

Lecture#1 ka Point#19 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Jab humey Csharp(C#) me apni age store krwani thi to us k liye 1 byte boht tha lakin jab humey 365 days in a year store krwane thay to 1 byte humari requirement ko fullfil nahi kr rha tha to hum byte ki jagah koi aur data type use kren ge.

Lecture#1 ka Point#18 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

humey Csharp(C#) me apni requirement k hisab se apni data type select krni hogi.

Lecture#1 ka Point#17 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Agar hum Csharp(C#) ki "byte data type" me 1 year me 365 days ko memory me store krwaye ge to woh store nahi ho sakta kyun k hum 1 byte me maximum 255 ki value ko store krwa saktey hain jb k yahan hum 365 ko store krwa rhe hain.

Lecture#1 ka Point#16 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Agar hum Csharp(C#) me apni age store krna chah rhey hain to us k liye 1byte boht hoga.

Lecture#1 ka Point#15 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Humarey pass Csharp(C#) me 1 byte=8 bits ki jo range baney gi woh (0 - 255) hogi.

Lecture#1 ka Point#14 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Csharp(C#) me 1 byte me humarey pass 8 bits hoti hain jis me "0" aur "1" k (2⁸ = 256) combinations baney ge jis me hum maximum 255 numbers store krwa saktey hain.

Lecture#1 ka Point#13 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Csharp(C#) me 4 bit me humarey pass "0" aur "1" k "16" combinations baney ge jis me hum maximum "15" numbers store krwa saktey hain.

Lecture#1 ka Point#12 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

1st bit = 2⁰ = 1   (0, 1) => total 2 combinations.
2nd bit = 2¹ = 2   (00, 01, 10, 11) => total 4 combinations.
3rd bit = 2² = 4   (000, 001, 011, 010, 100, 111, 110) => total 8 combinations.
4th bit = 2³ = 8   (0000, 0001, 0011, 0111, 0110, 0100, 0101, 1000, 1001, 1011, 1010, 1100, 1110, 1111) => total 16 combinations.
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Csharp(C#) me total (1+2+4+8 =15) numbers 4 bits me store ho saktey hain.

Lecture#1 ka Point#11 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

1 bit me Csharp(C#) me humarey pass "0" ya "1" hota hai aur bit ki probablity 2 hogi. Iska matlab yeh hai k 1 bit me ya to "0" hoga ya phir "1" hoga.

Lecture#1 ka Point#10 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Jab hum Csharp(C#) me 8 bits ko mila de ge to humarey pass 1 byte bne ga.

Lecture#1 ka Point#9 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Smallest addressable unit of memory humarey pass Csharp(C#) me "byte" hota hai.

Lecture#1 ka Point#8 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Jo data humarey pass Csharp(C#) me "0" aur "1" ki form me memory me store hota hai usey hum "bit" kehtey hain jo k memory ka smallest unit hai.

Lecture#1 ka Point#7 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Hum jb memory ki baat krtey hain Csharp(C#) me chahey woh koi si bhi memory ho(chahey woh virtual memory ho, RAM ho, ROM ho, hard disk ho, CD ho, DVD ho, USB ho etc...)kisi bhi form me memory ho, data jo store hota hai memory me woh "0" aur "1" ki form me hota hai.

Lecture#1 ka Point#6 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Csharp(C#) me data k opper jb hum koi process krtey hain to woh information me convert ho jata hai.

Lecture#1 ka Point#5 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Kisi bhi information ko humey Csharp(C#) me use krne k liye ya phir us ko process krne k liye ya save krwaney k liye humey usey kahin na kahin temporary tor pe process kerwana perhta hai ta k hum usey kahin na kahin board me le aur phir us k opper kuch process krey aur phir jb woh process ho k woh jo data hai jb woh information me convert ho jaye to phir hum us information ko bhi store kr letey hain.

Lecture#1 ka Point#4 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Humare Pass C#.NET Framework me 2 type ki Data types hoti hain.
(1)- Primitive Data types.
(2)- Abstract Data types.

Lecture#1 ka Point#3 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Humare pass multiple languages hain jisey .NET Framework support krta hai, like: C++, visual basic, C#, J#, F#(2010) etc.

Lecture#1 ka Point#2 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Agar Csharp(C#) me kisi bhi class ko "System.Windows.Forms.Form" se inherit kr de ge to woh class humarey pass form banjaye gi. "System.Windows.Forms.Form" me System, Windows aur Forms humarey pass namespaces hain aur Form humarey pass class hai.

Lecture#1 ka Point#1 (Csharp Roman Hindi/Urdu Me).

Hum jo bhi cheez ya application bnatey hain .NET Framework me woh sab .NET assemblies kehlati hain chahey woh Dynamic Link Library(.DLL) file ho ya phir executable(.EXE) file.